Lidocaine Patch Market Insights 2025, Analysis and Forecast to 2030, by Manufacturers, Regions, Technology, Product Type

By: HDIN Research Published: 2025-04-13 Pages: 86
Market Research Report Price
  • Single User License (1 Users) $ 3,200
  • Team License (2~5 Users) $ 4,200
  • Corporate License (>5 Users) $ 5,200
Lidocaine Patch Market Summary
Introduction
The Lidocaine Patch market centers on transdermal delivery systems using lidocaine, a local anesthetic, primarily to manage neuropathic pain such as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN). Introduced in 1999 with the FDA approval of Lidoderm® (5% lidocaine patch) by Teikoku Pharma USA, the market has since expanded with branded and generic variants. These patches offer targeted pain relief with minimal systemic side effects, distinguishing them from oral analgesics. The industry is driven by an aging population, rising chronic pain prevalence, and the shift toward non-opioid pain management amid opioid crisis concerns. Branded patches like Lidoderm® and Versatis® (approved in Europe in 2007) paved the way, while generics and innovations like ZTlido® (1.8% lidocaine, approved in 2018) have broadened access. In China, lidocaine gel patches entered the national insurance catalog in 2019, boosting adoption. The global market is projected to reach USD 1.0 billion to USD 1.3 billion by 2025, with an estimated CAGR of 8% to 9% through 2030, reflecting steady demand and expanding indications.

Regional Analysis
North America expects growth of 7% to 9%, with the U.S. leading due to high PHN incidence, robust healthcare infrastructure, and early adoption of lidocaine patches. Europe anticipates growth of 6% to 8%, with the UK, Germany, and France driving demand through aging populations and chronic pain management needs, supported by Versatis® availability. Asia Pacific projects growth of 9% to 11%, led by China’s inclusion of lidocaine patches in its insurance system and Japan’s focus on elderly care, alongside rising awareness in India. South America expects growth of 5% to 7%, with Brazil emerging as a key market due to increasing healthcare access, though cost barriers persist. The Middle East and Africa anticipate growth of 6% to 8%, with the UAE and South Africa leading as healthcare investments grow, though adoption remains uneven.

Type Analysis
Branded Lidocaine Patch: Projected to grow at 6% to 8%, branded patches like Lidoderm® and ZTlido® benefit from established efficacy and physician trust. Trends lean toward innovations improving adhesion and bioavailability, though higher costs limit market share growth.
Generic Lidocaine Patch: Expected to grow at 9% to 11%, generics dominate due to affordability and widespread availability post-patent expiration. The segment thrives on cost-sensitive markets and increasing competition driving price reductions.

Key Market Players
Teikoku Pharma: A Japanese company with a U.S. subsidiary, Teikoku Pharma pioneered the market with Lidoderm® and focuses on transdermal technologies.
Viatris: A U.S.-based global pharmaceutical firm, Viatris offers generic lidocaine patches, leveraging its extensive distribution network.
Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited: An Israeli company, Teva produces affordable generic patches, targeting broad market access.
Par Pharmaceutical Inc.: A U.S. firm, Par Pharmaceutical supplies generic lidocaine patches, emphasizing cost-effective pain relief solutions.

Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
●Threat of New Entrants: Low to Moderate. Regulatory approvals and manufacturing expertise create barriers, though generic opportunities attract smaller players.
●Threat of Substitutes: Moderate. Oral analgesics and alternative topicals compete, but lidocaine patches’ localized efficacy limits substitution.
●Bargaining Power of Buyers: Moderate to High. Healthcare providers and insurers push for lower costs, especially with generics widely available.
●Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Low. Raw material suppliers face competition, reducing their influence over manufacturers.
●Competitive Rivalry: High. Branded and generic players vie for share through pricing, innovation, and distribution, intensifying market dynamics.

Market Opportunities and Challenges
Opportunities
●Aging Population: Rising elderly demographics globally increase neuropathic pain prevalence, boosting patch demand.
●Non-Opioid Shift: Regulatory and societal moves away from opioids favor topical alternatives like lidocaine patches.
●Emerging Markets: Healthcare expansion in Asia and Africa opens new consumer bases for affordable generics.
●Innovative Formulations: Advances in patch design, such as improved adhesion, enhance patient compliance and market appeal.
●Chronic Pain Awareness: Growing recognition of pain management needs drives adoption in underserved regions.
Challenges
●Regulatory Hurdles: Strict approval processes for new formulations delay market entry and increase costs.
●Price Pressure: Generic competition squeezes margins, challenging profitability for branded players.
●Substitute Therapies: Alternative pain relief options, including nerve blocks, compete for market share.
●Adoption Barriers: Limited awareness and access in developing regions hinder growth potential.
●Side Effect Concerns: Skin irritation or limited efficacy in some patients may deter widespread use.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 Executive Summary
Chapter 2 Abbreviation and Acronyms
Chapter 3 Preface
3.1 Research Scope
3.2 Research Sources
3.2.1 Data Sources
3.2.2 Assumptions
3.3 Research Method
Chapter 4 Market Landscape
4.1 Market Overview
4.2 Classification/Types
4.3 Application/End Users
Chapter 5 Market Trend Analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Drivers
5.3 Restraints
5.4 Opportunities
5.5 Threats
Chapter 6 Industry Chain Analysis
6.1 Upstream/Suppliers Analysis
6.2 Lidocaine Patch Analysis
6.2.1 Technology Analysis
6.2.2 Cost Analysis
6.2.3 Market Channel Analysis
6.3 Downstream Buyers/End Users
Chapter 7 Latest Market Dynamics
7.1 Latest News
7.2 Merger and Acquisition
7.3 Planned/Future Project
7.4 Policy Dynamics
Chapter 8 Trading Analysis
8.1 Export of Lidocaine Patch by Region
8.2 Import of Lidocaine Patch by Region
8.3 Balance of Trade
Chapter 9 Historical and Forecast Lidocaine Patch Market in North America (2020-2030)
9.1 Lidocaine Patch Market Size
9.2 Lidocaine Patch Demand by End Use
9.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
9.4 Type Segmentation and Price
9.5 Key Countries Analysis
9.5.1 United States
9.5.2 Canada
9.5.3 Mexico
Chapter 10 Historical and Forecast Lidocaine Patch Market in South America (2020-2030)
10.1 Lidocaine Patch Market Size
10.2 Lidocaine Patch Demand by End Use
10.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
10.4 Type Segmentation and Price
10.5 Key Countries Analysis
10.5.1 Brazil
10.5.2 Argentina
10.5.3 Chile
10.5.4 Peru
Chapter 11 Historical and Forecast Lidocaine Patch Market in Asia & Pacific (2020-2030)
11.1 Lidocaine Patch Market Size
11.2 Lidocaine Patch Demand by End Use
11.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
11.4 Type Segmentation and Price
11.5 Key Countries Analysis
11.5.1 China
11.5.2 India
11.5.3 Japan
11.5.4 South Korea
11.5.5 Southest Asia
11.5.6 Australia
Chapter 12 Historical and Forecast Lidocaine Patch Market in Europe (2020-2030)
12.1 Lidocaine Patch Market Size
12.2 Lidocaine Patch Demand by End Use
12.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
12.4 Type Segmentation and Price
12.5 Key Countries Analysis
12.5.1 Germany
12.5.2 France
12.5.3 United Kingdom
12.5.4 Italy
12.5.5 Spain
12.5.6 Belgium
12.5.7 Netherlands
12.5.8 Austria
12.5.9 Poland
12.5.10 Russia
Chapter 13 Historical and Forecast Lidocaine Patch Market in MEA (2020-2030)
13.1 Lidocaine Patch Market Size
13.2 Lidocaine Patch Demand by End Use
13.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
13.4 Type Segmentation and Price
13.5 Key Countries Analysis
13.5.1 Egypt
13.5.2 Israel
13.5.3 South Africa
13.5.4 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
13.5.5 Turkey
Chapter 14 Summary For Global Lidocaine Patch Market (2020-2025)
14.1 Lidocaine Patch Market Size
14.2 Lidocaine Patch Demand by End Use
14.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
14.4 Type Segmentation and Price
Chapter 15 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Forecast (2025-2030)
15.1 Lidocaine Patch Market Size Forecast
15.2 Lidocaine Patch Demand Forecast
15.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
15.4 Type Segmentation and Price Forecast
Chapter 16 Analysis of Global Key Vendors
15.1 Teikoku Pharma
15.1.1 Company Profile
15.1.2 Main Business and Lidocaine Patch Information
15.1.3 SWOT Analysis of Teikoku Pharma
15.1.4 Teikoku Pharma Lidocaine Patch Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
15.2 Viatris
15.2.1 Company Profile
15.2.2 Main Business and Lidocaine Patch Information
15.2.3 SWOT Analysis of Viatris
15.2.4 Viatris Lidocaine Patch Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
15.3 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited
15.3.1 Company Profile
15.3.2 Main Business and Lidocaine Patch Information
15.3.3 SWOT Analysis of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited
15.3.4 Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited Lidocaine Patch Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
15.4 Par Pharmaceutical Inc.
15.4.1 Company Profile
15.4.2 Main Business and Lidocaine Patch Information
15.4.3 SWOT Analysis of Par Pharmaceutical Inc.
15.4.4 Par Pharmaceutical Inc. Lidocaine Patch Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2020-2025)
Please ask for sample pages for full companies list
Table Abbreviation And Acronyms List
Table Research Scope Of Lidocaine Patch Report
Table Data Sources Of Lidocaine Patch Report
Table Major Assumptions Of Lidocaine Patch Report
Table Lidocaine Patch Classification
Table Lidocaine Patch Applications List
Table Drivers Of Lidocaine Patch Market
Table Restraints Of Lidocaine Patch Market
Table Opportunities Of Lidocaine Patch Market
Table Threats Of Lidocaine Patch Market
Table Raw Materials Suppliers List
Table Different Production Methods Of Lidocaine Patch
Table Cost Structure Analysis Of Lidocaine Patch
Table Key End Users List
Table Latest News Of Lidocaine Patch Market
Table Merger And Acquisition List
Table Planned/Future Project Of Lidocaine Patch Market
Table Policy Of Lidocaine Patch Market
Table 2020-2030 Regional Export Of Lidocaine Patch
Table 2020-2030 Regional Import Of Lidocaine Patch
Table 2020-2030 Regional Trade Balance
Table 2020-2030 North America Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 North America Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Application
Table 2020-2025 North America Lidocaine Patch Key Players Sales List
Table 2020-2025 North America Lidocaine Patch Key Players Market Share List
Table 2020-2030 North America Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Type
Table 2020-2025 North America Lidocaine Patch Price List By Type
Table 2020-2030 United States Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 United States Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Canada Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Canada Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Mexico Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Mexico Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 South America Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 South America Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Application
Table 2020-2025 South America Lidocaine Patch Key Players Sales List
Table 2020-2025 South America Lidocaine Patch Key Players Market Share List
Table 2020-2030 South America Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Type
Table 2020-2025 South America Lidocaine Patch Price List By Type
Table 2020-2030 Brazil Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Brazil Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Argentina Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Argentina Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Chile Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Chile Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Peru Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Peru Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Asia & Pacific Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Asia & Pacific Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Application
Table 2020-2025 Asia & Pacific Lidocaine Patch Key Players Sales List
Table 2020-2025 Asia & Pacific Lidocaine Patch Key Players Market Share List
Table 2020-2030 Asia & Pacific Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Type
Table 2020-2025 Asia & Pacific Lidocaine Patch Price List By Type
Table 2020-2030 China Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 China Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 India Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 India Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Japan Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Japan Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 South Korea Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 South Korea Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Southeast Asia Lidocaine Patch Market Size List
Table 2020-2030 Southeast Asia Lidocaine Patch Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Southeast Asia Lidocaine Patch Import List
Table 2020-2030 Southeast Asia Lidocaine Patch Export List
Table 2020-2030 Australia Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Australia Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Europe Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Europe Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Application
Table 2020-2025 Europe Lidocaine Patch Key Players Sales List
Table 2020-2025 Europe Lidocaine Patch Key Players Market Share List
Table 2020-2030 Europe Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Type
Table 2020-2025 Europe Lidocaine Patch Price List By Type
Table 2020-2030 Germany Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Germany Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 France Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 France Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 United Kingdom Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 United Kingdom Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Italy Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Italy Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Spain Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Spain Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Belgium Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Belgium Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Netherlands Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Netherlands Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Austria Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Austria Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Poland Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Poland Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Russia Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Russia Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Mea Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Mea Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Application
Table 2020-2025 Mea Lidocaine Patch Key Players Sales List
Table 2020-2025 Mea Lidocaine Patch Key Players Market Share List
Table 2020-2030 Mea Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Type
Table 2020-2025 Mea Lidocaine Patch Price List By Type
Table 2020-2030 Egypt Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Egypt Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Israel Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Israel Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 South Africa Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 South Africa Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2030 Turkey Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Market Volume List
Table 2020-2030 Turkey Lidocaine Patch Import & Export List
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Size List By Region
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Size Share List By Region
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Volume List By Region
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Volume Share List By Region
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Application
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Demand Market Share List By Application
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Key Vendors Sales List
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Key Vendors Sales Share List
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Key Vendors Revenue List
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Key Vendors Revenue Share List
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Type
Table 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Demand Market Share List By Type
Table 2020-2025 Regional Lidocaine Patch Price List
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Size List By Region
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Size Share List By Region
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Volume List By Region
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Volume Share List By Region
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Application
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Demand Market Share List By Application
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Key Vendors Sales List
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Key Vendors Sales Share List
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Key Vendors Revenue List
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Key Vendors Revenue Share List
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Demand List By Type
Table 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Demand Market Share List By Type
Table 2025-2030 Lidocaine Patch Regional Price List

Figure Market Size Estimated Method
Figure Major Forecasting Factors
Figure Lidocaine Patch Picture
Figure 2020-2030 Regional Trade Balance
Figure 2020-2030 North America Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Cagr
Figure 2020-2030 North America Lidocaine Patch Market Volume And Cagr
Figure 2020-2030 South America Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Cagr
Figure 2020-2030 South America Lidocaine Patch Market Volume And Cagr
Figure 2020-2030 Asia & Pacific Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Cagr
Figure 2020-2030 Asia & Pacific Lidocaine Patch Market Volume And Cagr
Figure 2020-2030 Europe Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Cagr
Figure 2020-2030 Europe Lidocaine Patch Market Volume And Cagr
Figure 2020-2030 Mea Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Cagr
Figure 2020-2030 Mea Lidocaine Patch Market Volume And Cagr
Figure 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Volume And Growth Rate
Figure 2020-2025 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Growth Rate
Figure 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Volume And Growth Rate
Figure 2025-2030 Global Lidocaine Patch Market Size And Growth Rate

Research Methodology

  • Market Estimated Methodology:

    Bottom-up & top-down approach, supply & demand approach are the most important method which is used by HDIN Research to estimate the market size.

1)Top-down & Bottom-up Approach

Top-down approach uses a general market size figure and determines the percentage that the objective market represents.

Bottom-up approach size the objective market by collecting the sub-segment information.

2)Supply & Demand Approach

Supply approach is based on assessments of the size of each competitor supplying the objective market.

Demand approach combine end-user data within a market to estimate the objective market size. It is sometimes referred to as bottom-up approach.

  • Forecasting Methodology
  • Numerous factors impacting the market trend are considered for forecast model:
  • New technology and application in the future;
  • New project planned/under contraction;
  • Global and regional underlying economic growth;
  • Threatens of substitute products;
  • Industry expert opinion;
  • Policy and Society implication.
  • Analysis Tools

1)PEST Analysis

PEST Analysis is a simple and widely used tool that helps our client analyze the Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, and Technological changes in their business environment.

  • Benefits of a PEST analysis:
  • It helps you to spot business opportunities, and it gives you advanced warning of significant threats.
  • It reveals the direction of change within your business environment. This helps you shape what you’re doing, so that you work with change, rather than against it.
  • It helps you avoid starting projects that are likely to fail, for reasons beyond your control.
  • It can help you break free of unconscious assumptions when you enter a new country, region, or market; because it helps you develop an objective view of this new environment.

2)Porter’s Five Force Model Analysis

The Porter’s Five Force Model is a tool that can be used to analyze the opportunities and overall competitive advantage. The five forces that can assist in determining the competitive intensity and potential attractiveness within a specific area.

  • Threat of New Entrants: Profitable industries that yield high returns will attract new firms.
  • Threat of Substitutes: A substitute product uses a different technology to try to solve the same economic need.
  • Bargaining Power of Customers: the ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, which also affects the customer's sensitivity to price changes.
  • Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services (such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of power over the firm when there are few substitutes.
  • Competitive Rivalry: For most industries the intensity of competitive rivalry is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry.

3)Value Chain Analysis

Value chain analysis is a tool to identify activities, within and around the firm and relating these activities to an assessment of competitive strength. Value chain can be analyzed by primary activities and supportive activities. Primary activities include: inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing & sales, service. Support activities include: technology development, human resource management, management, finance, legal, planning.

4)SWOT Analysis

SWOT analysis is a tool used to evaluate a company's competitive position by identifying its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The strengths and weakness is the inner factor; the opportunities and threats are the external factor. By analyzing the inner and external factors, the analysis can provide the detail information of the position of a player and the characteristics of the industry.

  • Strengths describe what the player excels at and separates it from the competition
  • Weaknesses stop the player from performing at its optimum level.
  • Opportunities refer to favorable external factors that the player can use to give it a competitive advantage.
  • Threats refer to factors that have the potential to harm the player.
  • Data Sources
Primary Sources Secondary Sources
Face to face/Phone Interviews with market participants, such as:
Manufactures;
Distributors;
End-users;
Experts.
Online Survey
Government/International Organization Data:
Annual Report/Presentation/Fact Book
Internet Source Information
Industry Association Data
Free/Purchased Database
Market Research Report
Book/Journal/News

Why HDIN Research.com?

More options to meet your budget: you can choose Multi-user report, customized report even only specific data you need

 

Plenty of third-party databases and owned databases support

 

Accurate market information supported by Top Fortune 500 Organizations

 

24/7 purchase support and after-service support

 

Protect customer privacy

ABOUT HDIN RESEARCH

HDIN Research focuses on providing market consulting services. As an independent third-party consulting firm, it is committed to providing in-depth market research and analysis reports.

OUR LOCATION

Room 208-069, Floor 2, Building 6, No. 1, Shangdi 10th Street, Haidian District, Beijing, PR China
+86-010-82142830
sales@hdinresearch.com

QUICK LINKS