Tellurium Market Summary
Introduction
The Tellurium market encompasses the production and distribution of one of Earth's rarest solid elements, with crustal abundance comparable to platinum at approximately 1 microgram per kilogram. Tellurium represents a critical mineral with strategic importance across advanced technology applications including solar energy, thermoelectric devices, electronics, and specialized metallurgical uses. More than 90% of tellurium production derives from anode slimes as a byproduct of electrolytic copper refining, with remainder obtained from skimmings at lead refineries and from flue dusts and gases generated during bismuth, copper, and lead-zinc ore smelting. Treatment of approximately 1,000 tons of copper ore yields just one kilogram of tellurium, illustrating the element's scarcity and dependence on primary metal production economics.
Most tellurium and selenium are obtained from porphyry copper deposits where these elements occur in trace amounts. Tellurium reserves are based on identified copper deposits and average tellurium content, creating fundamental supply linkage to copper mining and refining operations. Other potential sources include bismuth telluride and gold telluride ores. In the 2020s, China emerged as the dominant producer accounting for approximately 50% of global tellurium output and the only country mining tellurium as a primary target rather than solely as a byproduct, driven by rapid solar cell industry expansion within China. Recent production data from 2024 indicates China produced approximately 750 tonnes, followed by Russia (70 tonnes), Japan (70 tonnes), Sweden (46 tonnes), Canada (27 tonnes), and Uzbekistan (13 tonnes).
On February 4, 2025, China's Ministry of Commerce announced export controls on five critical mineral categories including antimony, tellurium, gallium, germanium, and superhard materials, creating significant implications for global tellurium supply chains. The industry serves diverse applications including cadmium telluride solar panels representing the largest and fastest-growing demand segment, thermoelectric and electronic components, metallurgical additives improving machining characteristics, thermal imaging systems, rubber and fiber applications, and specialized medical devices.

Market Size and Growth Forecast
The global Tellurium market is projected to reach 180-220 million USD by 2025, with an estimated compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8%-11% through 2030. This robust growth trajectory is supported by accelerating cadmium telluride solar panel deployment, expanding thermoelectric applications in waste heat recovery and specialized cooling, growing electronics demand for various semiconductor applications, and limited supply availability maintaining pricing support despite modest absolute volume growth.

Regional Analysis
Asia Pacific dominates tellurium production and consumption with estimated market growth rates of 9%-12%, led by China's position as both the largest producer and consumer. China's dominance reflects integrated solar manufacturing capabilities, domestic refining capacity processing both domestic and imported copper concentrates, and strategic emphasis on controlling critical mineral supply chains. Chinese producers including Zhuzhou Keneng with 50 tonnes per year capacity and Hunan Silver targeting 50 tonnes per year capacity in 2025 represent significant production capabilities. The February 2025 export control implementation creates strategic implications for global supply availability and pricing dynamics. Japan maintains significant refining capacity as a byproduct of copper smelting operations, serving domestic electronics and export markets. South Korea contributes through electronics applications, while India demonstrates growing solar deployment creating future tellurium demand potential.
North America follows with growth rates of 7%-10%, driven by expanding solar energy deployment, thermoelectric applications development, and domestic electronics manufacturing. The United States demonstrates growing solar installations utilizing cadmium telluride technology, though domestic tellurium production remains limited with dependence on imports and secondary material recovery. Canada maintains tellurium production from copper and gold mining operations, contributing to North American supply availability. The region faces supply chain challenges given limited domestic production capacity and growing dependence on imports subject to trade policy considerations and Chinese export controls.
Europe exhibits growth rates of 6%-9%, with Sweden maintaining notable production capacity and various countries demonstrating growing solar deployment and electronics applications. European tellurium supply derives primarily from copper refining operations in Sweden and other countries, supplemented by imports supporting regional consumption. The region emphasizes supply chain security for critical minerals, with tellurium identified as strategically important for energy transition and advanced technology applications. Germany, France, and the United Kingdom contribute through solar installations, specialized electronics manufacturing, and ongoing materials research developing advanced tellurium applications.
South America shows growth potential of 5%-8%, with Chile and Peru representing potential future production sources given extensive copper mining operations. Current tellurium recovery remains limited despite substantial copper production, representing opportunity for future supply development. The region benefits from established copper mining and smelting infrastructure that could support enhanced tellurium recovery with appropriate technology investments.
The Middle East and Africa region demonstrates growth rates of 4%-7%, with South Africa maintaining copper refining operations potentially supporting tellurium production. The region shows limited current production and consumption but demonstrates long-term potential through mineral resource development and growing solar energy interest in high-insolation regions.

Application Analysis
Solar Panel: This dominant and fastest-growing segment demonstrates projected growth of 10%-13%, driven by accelerating cadmium telluride (CdTe) thin-film solar panel deployment worldwide. CdTe technology offers advantages including lower manufacturing costs compared to crystalline silicon, better performance in high-temperature and low-light conditions, shorter energy payback time, and simplified manufacturing processes. The segment benefits from major manufacturers including First Solar achieving scale production and continuous efficiency improvements, growing utility-scale solar project deployment in regions with high solar insolation, and technology advantages in specific environmental conditions. Key trends include ongoing efficiency improvements approaching crystalline silicon performance, manufacturing cost reductions maintaining competitiveness, and expanding global manufacturing capacity. However, segment growth faces constraints from limited tellurium supply availability relative to potential demand if CdTe technology achieves significantly larger market share of global solar deployment.
Electronic & Thermoelectric: Expected to grow at 7%-10%, this segment encompasses thermoelectric devices for power generation and cooling applications, infrared detectors, semiconductor applications, and specialized electronic components. Growth drivers include expanding thermoelectric applications in automotive waste heat recovery, growing interest in solid-state cooling for electronics and specialized applications, and ongoing development of improved thermoelectric materials with higher efficiency. Bismuth telluride represents the primary thermoelectric material for near-room-temperature applications, with ongoing research developing advanced compositions and nanostructured materials achieving improved performance.
Metallurgical: Projected growth of 6%-8% includes tellurium additions to steel, copper, and lead alloys improving machinability, surface finish, and mechanical properties. Small tellurium additions significantly improve material processing characteristics enabling higher machining speeds and improved component quality. The segment demonstrates stable demand tied to industrial metal production and machining operations, with growth limited by small addition rates and mature application understanding.
Thermal Imaging: Growing at 5%-7%, this specialized segment serves military, security, industrial, and emerging automotive applications requiring infrared detection capabilities. Cadmium mercury telluride and other tellurium compounds enable infrared sensors detecting thermal signatures for diverse applications. The segment benefits from expanding security and surveillance applications, growing industrial process monitoring, and emerging automotive night vision systems, though specialized nature and high component costs limit overall market size.
Fiber & Rubber: Expected growth of 4%-6% encompasses tellurium uses in fiber optic communications and rubber vulcanization. Applications include tellurium compounds in specialty glasses and fiber amplifiers for telecommunications, and rubber applications improving aging resistance and processing characteristics. Segment growth remains moderate given material substitution possibilities and mature applications.
Medical Device & Others: Projected growth of 5%-8% includes various specialized applications in imaging agents, radiation therapy, and emerging medical technologies. Tellurium compounds show promise for various biomedical applications though clinical adoption remains limited. Other applications span catalysts, ceramics, and research uses supporting ongoing materials development.

Key Market Players
JX Advanced Metals Corporation: The Japanese metals producer maintains significant tellurium production capacity through copper smelting and refining operations. JX Nippon (formerly JX Advanced Metals) leverages integrated non-ferrous metal production providing cost-effective tellurium recovery and serves global markets with established quality and reliability.
Aurubis: The European leader in copper smelting and recycling operates facilities in Germany and other locations producing tellurium as a byproduct. Aurubis emphasizes sustainable production, complex material processing capabilities, and comprehensive precious and specialty metal recovery from diverse feedstocks.
Pan Pacific Copper: This Japanese copper producer recovers tellurium through smelting and refining operations, serving domestic and export markets. The company benefits from integrated copper production and established quality standards for byproduct recovery.
Umicore: The Belgian materials technology company combines precious metals refining with specialty materials production including tellurium recovery and processing. Umicore emphasizes sustainable production, circular economy principles, and application development supporting customer requirements.
LS-Nikko and LS MnM Inc: These South Korean companies maintain tellurium production capacity of approximately 50 tonnes per year through copper and precious metals refining. LS MnM serves electronics and specialty applications with established regional presence.
Jiangxi Copper and Jinchuan: These Chinese copper producers operate major smelting and refining facilities recovering tellurium as byproduct. Both companies benefit from China's dominant copper production and processing capabilities, established domestic market access, and export capabilities subject to government export control policies implemented in February 2025.
Vital Materials, Hunan Silver, Zhuzhou Keneng: These Chinese specialty materials producers focus on tellurium and other specialty metals serving growing domestic demand. Zhuzhou Keneng operates 50 tonnes per year capacity while Hunan Silver targets 50 tonnes per year capacity in 2025. Companies emphasize serving domestic solar and electronics industries with competitive pricing and reliable supply.
Yunnan Chihong, CSIC Huanggang Precious Metals: Additional Chinese producers contribute to domestic tellurium supply through integrated copper operations and specialized refining capabilities, supporting China's dominant market position.

Industry Value Chain Analysis
The Tellurium industry value chain begins with copper ore mining where tellurium occurs in trace concentrations alongside primary copper minerals. Mining operations typically do not separately target tellurium, with recovery dependent entirely on copper production economics and mining decisions. Ore processing and concentration recover copper minerals while tellurium reports to concentrates in association with copper and other elements.
Copper smelting and electrolytic refining represent critical stages where tellurium concentration occurs. During electrorefining, tellurium accumulates in anode slimes alongside precious metals including gold, silver, and platinum group elements. Anode slime processing involves complex chemical and pyrometallurgical operations separating constituent elements through selective dissolution, precipitation, and purification steps. Tellurium recovery occurs as one component of comprehensive precious and specialty metal recovery operations requiring sophisticated technical capabilities and careful process control.
Primary tellurium refining produces commercial-grade material suitable for various industrial applications. Further purification yields high-purity tellurium required for electronics and semiconductor applications through techniques including zone refining and chemical purification achieving specifications exceeding 99.999% purity. Refiners must manage small production volumes, specialized market requirements, and careful inventory management given limited production availability.
Tellurium compounds production converts elemental tellurium into various chemical forms including cadmium telluride for solar applications, bismuth telluride for thermoelectric uses, and various specialty compounds for specific applications. Compound manufacturing requires careful handling given tellurium toxicity concerns, precise stoichiometric control, and purity maintenance critical for application performance.
Distribution involves specialized chemical and metals distributors serving diverse application markets, with supply contracts often emphasizing long-term relationship given limited supplier options and supply availability concerns. Technical support services include application development assistance, material specifications guidance, and quality assurance supporting customer requirements.
End applications span solar panel manufacturing representing the largest single demand sector, electronics and thermoelectric device production, metallurgical additives for metal treatment, and various specialized uses. Application developers increasingly emphasize supply security given tellurium scarcity and supply chain concentration risks.

Market Opportunities and Challenges
Opportunities
●Solar Energy Expansion: Accelerating global solar deployment creates substantial growth opportunities for cadmium telluride technology offering cost and performance advantages in specific applications. Continued efficiency improvements, manufacturing scale increases, and expanding utility-scale project development support growing tellurium demand, though supply constraints may ultimately limit technology deployment scale without enhanced recovery or alternative technology development.
●Thermoelectric Applications Growth: Expanding interest in waste heat recovery for energy efficiency and solid-state cooling applications creates opportunities for thermoelectric device deployment using bismuth telluride and related compounds. Automotive waste heat recovery, industrial process optimization, and specialized cooling applications represent growing markets, while ongoing materials research pursues improved thermoelectric performance expanding application viability.
●Supply Chain Premium: Limited supply availability and strategic material importance create opportunities for producers controlling tellurium supplies, particularly given Chinese export controls implemented in February 2025. Secure supply access provides competitive advantages for downstream manufacturers, while suppliers benefit from pricing power and strategic positioning.
●Enhanced Recovery Development: Significant copper production in regions with limited current tellurium recovery represents opportunities for technology deployment improving byproduct recovery rates. South American copper operations and other regions could expand global supply through improved recovery technologies and economic incentives supporting byproduct metal extraction investments.
Challenges
●Supply Availability Constraints: Fundamental tellurium supply limitations stemming from byproduct production status and limited occurrence create constraints on market growth. Expanding applications cannot guarantee corresponding supply increases given dependence on copper production economics and limited primary occurrence. Supply constraints may ultimately limit certain application growth including large-scale solar deployment unless alternative technologies develop or enhanced recovery dramatically improves availability.
●Chinese Export Controls and Geopolitical Risk: Implementation of Chinese export controls on tellurium effective February 4, 2025 creates significant supply chain uncertainties for global markets dependent on Chinese production. With China accounting for approximately 50% of global supply, export restrictions could substantially impact availability, pricing, and supply security for importers. Non-Chinese producers may benefit from reduced Chinese competition, though cannot immediately replace constrained supply volumes given production capacity limitations and technical complexities.
●Trump Administration Tariff Policy Uncertainty and Global Supply Chain Restructuring: Current trade policy uncertainties compound Chinese export control impacts, creating additional challenges for tellurium supply chains. Potential tariffs on critical minerals and downstream products incorporating tellurium create cost pressures throughout value chains. Solar panel manufacturers particularly face challenges from potential tariffs on imported panels or components combined with feedstock supply constraints. Companies must navigate complex trade policy environments, evaluate supply chain diversification strategies, and manage inventory to buffer against supply disruptions. The strategic nature of tellurium as a critical mineral creates particular sensitivity to trade policy and geopolitical considerations affecting supply security and pricing stability.
●Price Volatility: Limited market size, concentrated supply, small number of significant consumers, and byproduct production status create potential for significant price volatility from supply or demand disruptions. Supply disruptions from copper refinery operational issues, trade restrictions, or geopolitical events can dramatically impact availability and pricing. Demand surges from expanding applications or inventory building can similarly stress limited supply availability creating sharp price movements challenging for participants managing costs and supply security.