Sodium Citrate Market Insights 2026, Analysis and Forecast to 2031
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Introduction
Sodium Citrate, primarily appearing as Trisodium Citrate (E331), is the sodium salt of citric acid. It acts variously as a buffering agent, acidity regulator, emulsifier, and preservative. Its distinct saline, slightly tart flavor makes it a ubiquitous ingredient in carbonated beverages (like club soda), jams, jellies, and processed cheeses. Beyond food, it serves critical roles in medicine (as an anticoagulant in blood transfusion and an antacid) and in industrial detergents (as an eco-friendly builder replacing phosphates).
The market is commoditized but essential. Production is fermentation-based, typically using corn or carbohydrate substrates to produce citric acid, which is then neutralized with sodium hydroxide. The global landscape is heavily influenced by trade policies, as China dominates global production, leading to various anti-dumping measures in the US, Brazil, and Europe.
Market Size and Growth Forecast
The global Sodium Citrate market is forecasted to reach 2.5 billion to 2.9 billion USD by 2026, expanding at a CAGR of 4.5% to 5.5% through 2031. Growth is steady, tracking the global processed food and beverage industry, with additional upside from the pharmaceutical and eco-friendly detergent sectors.
Regional Analysis
Asia Pacific: The production powerhouse. China accounts for the majority of global exports.
●RZBC GROUP CO. LTD.: A massive capacity of 80,000 tons/year for sodium citrate alone.
●Cambodia Wangkang Biochemical Co. Ltd.: Represents the "China Plus One" strategy, with a capacity of 30,000 tons/year, mitigating tariff risks.
●Regional CAGR: 5.0% to 6.0%.
North America: A large consumption market with significant trade barriers.
●Trade Defense: The US Dept of Commerce initiated a third sunset review on Citric Acid and Citrate Salts from China in Dec 2025, maintaining high tariffs. This benefits domestic players like Cargill and ADM.
●Regional CAGR: 3.5% to 4.5%.
South America:
●Trade Defense: Brazil (GECEX) issued a final ruling in Oct 2023 on anti-dumping reviews against Chinese imports, influencing local sourcing strategies.
●Regional CAGR: 4.0% to 5.0%.
Europe: Focused on non-GMO and sustainable sourcing. Regional CAGR: 3.0% to 4.0%.
Type Analysis
Trisodium Citrate Dihydrate: The most common commercial form, used extensively in food.
Monosodium/Disodium: Used in specialized buffering applications.
Anhydrous: Preferred where moisture control is critical.
Application Analysis
Food & Beverage: The largest segment. Used to control acidity in sodas and as an emulsifying salt in cheese slices (preventing oil separation).
Healthcare: Critical as an anticoagulant for blood storage and in hemodialysis.
Detergents: Growing rapidly as a "green" builder, replacing phosphates that cause eutrophication in water bodies.
Personal Care: Buffering agent in shampoos and cosmetics.
Industry Value Chain Analysis
The chain starts with carbohydrate sources (corn, sugar beet, cassava). Substrate costs (corn prices) are the primary cost driver.
Fermentation: Aspergillus niger mold fermentation produces citric acid.
Neutralization: Citric acid is reacted with caustic soda.
Corporate Moves: The industry is seeing structural changes. Tate & Lyle sold its remaining stake in Primient in June 2024, creating a fully independent plant-based ingredient giant focusing on this value chain.
Key Market Players
RZBC GROUP CO. LTD.: A leading Chinese exporter with massive scale (80k tons).
Cargill & ADM: US giants dominating the North American protected market.
Jungbunzlauer Suisse AG: A premium European manufacturer known for high quality and sustainability.
Cambodia Wangkang Biochemical: An example of supply chain diversification into Southeast Asia.
Primient: The newly independent entity (formerly part of Tate & Lyle) focusing on corn wet milling products.
Niran Thailand & COFCO: Major Asian players integrated with agricultural processing.
Market Opportunities and Challenges
Opportunities: The global push for phosphate-free detergents offers a structural growth avenue for sodium citrate. Additionally, the "Clean Label" trend in food favors Citrates over artificial preservatives like benzoates.
Challenges: Geopolitical trade friction is the defining challenge. Anti-dumping duties in the US and Brazil force supply chain realignments (e.g., Chinese companies building plants in Thailand or Cambodia). Raw material volatility (corn prices) also impacts profitability.
Chapter 1 Executive Summary
Chapter 2 Abbreviation and Acronyms
Chapter 3 Preface
3.1 Research Scope
3.2 Research Sources
3.2.1 Data Sources
3.2.2 Assumptions
3.3 Research Method
Chapter 4 Market Landscape
4.1 Market Overview
4.2 Classification/Types
4.3 Application/End Users
Chapter 5 Market Trend Analysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Drivers
5.3 Restraints
5.4 Opportunities
5.5 Threats
Chapter 6 Industry Chain Analysis
6.1 Upstream/Suppliers Analysis
6.2 Sodium Citrate Analysis
6.2.1 Technology Analysis
6.2.2 Cost Analysis
6.2.3 Market Channel Analysis
6.3 Downstream Buyers/End Users
Chapter 7 Latest Market Dynamics
7.1 Latest News
7.2 Merger and Acquisition
7.3 Planned/Future Project
7.4 Policy Dynamics
Chapter 8 Trading Analysis
8.1 Export of Sodium Citrate by Region
8.2 Import of Sodium Citrate by Region
8.3 Balance of Trade
Chapter 9 Historical and Forecast Sodium Citrate Market in North America (2021-2031)
9.1 Sodium Citrate Market Size
9.2 Sodium Citrate Demand by End Use
9.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
9.4 Type Segmentation and Price
9.5 Key Countries Analysis
9.5.1 United States
9.5.2 Canada
9.5.3 Mexico
Chapter 10 Historical and Forecast Sodium Citrate Market in South America (2021-2031)
10.1 Sodium Citrate Market Size
10.2 Sodium Citrate Demand by End Use
10.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
10.4 Type Segmentation and Price
10.5 Key Countries Analysis
10.5.1 Brazil
10.5.2 Argentina
10.5.3 Chile
10.5.4 Peru
Chapter 11 Historical and Forecast Sodium Citrate Market in Asia & Pacific (2021-2031)
11.1 Sodium Citrate Market Size
11.2 Sodium Citrate Demand by End Use
11.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
11.4 Type Segmentation and Price
11.5 Key Countries Analysis
11.5.1 China
11.5.2 India
11.5.3 Japan
11.5.4 South Korea
11.5.5 Asean
11.5.6 Australia & New Zealand
Chapter 12 Historical and Forecast Sodium Citrate Market in Europe (2021-2031)
12.1 Sodium Citrate Market Size
12.2 Sodium Citrate Demand by End Use
12.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
12.4 Type Segmentation and Price
12.5 Key Countries Analysis
12.5.1 Germany
12.5.2 France
12.5.3 United Kingdom
12.5.4 Italy
12.5.5 Spain
12.5.6 Belgium
12.5.7 Netherlands
12.5.8 Austria
12.5.9 Poland
12.5.10 North Europe
Chapter 13 Historical and Forecast Sodium Citrate Market in MEA (2021-2031)
13.1 Sodium Citrate Market Size
13.2 Sodium Citrate Demand by End Use
13.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
13.4 Type Segmentation and Price
13.5 Key Countries Analysis
13.5.1 Egypt
13.5.2 Israel
13.5.3 South Africa
13.5.4 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
13.5.5 Turkey
Chapter 14 Summary For Global Sodium Citrate Market (2021-2026)
14.1 Sodium Citrate Market Size
14.2 Sodium Citrate Demand by End Use
14.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
14.4 Type Segmentation and Price
Chapter 15 Global Sodium Citrate Market Forecast (2026-2031)
15.1 Sodium Citrate Market Size Forecast
15.2 Sodium Citrate Demand Forecast
15.3 Competition by Players/Suppliers
15.4 Type Segmentation and Price Forecast
Chapter 16 Analysis of Global Key Vendors
16.1 Cargill Incorporated
16.1.1 Company Profile
16.1.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.1.3 SWOT Analysis of Cargill Incorporated
16.1.4 Cargill Incorporated Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.2 Primary Products Investments LLC
16.2.1 Company Profile
16.2.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.2.3 SWOT Analysis of Primary Products Investments LLC
16.2.4 Primary Products Investments LLC Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.3 ADM
16.3.1 Company Profile
16.3.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.3.3 SWOT Analysis of ADM
16.3.4 ADM Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.4 Gadot Biochemical Industries Ltd
16.4.1 Company Profile
16.4.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.4.3 SWOT Analysis of Gadot Biochemical Industries Ltd
16.4.4 Gadot Biochemical Industries Ltd Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.5 Citribel
16.5.1 Company Profile
16.5.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.5.3 SWOT Analysis of Citribel
16.5.4 Citribel Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.6 Sucroal S.A.
16.6.1 Company Profile
16.6.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.6.3 SWOT Analysis of Sucroal S.A.
16.6.4 Sucroal S.A. Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.7 Jungbunzlauer Suisse AG
16.7.1 Company Profile
16.7.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.7.3 SWOT Analysis of Jungbunzlauer Suisse AG
16.7.4 Jungbunzlauer Suisse AG Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.8 NIRAN Thailand Ltd.
16.8.1 Company Profile
16.8.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.8.3 SWOT Analysis of NIRAN Thailand Ltd.
16.8.4 NIRAN Thailand Ltd. Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.9 Daffodil Pharmachem Pvt. Ltd.
16.9.1 Company Profile
16.9.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.9.3 SWOT Analysis of Daffodil Pharmachem Pvt. Ltd.
16.9.4 Daffodil Pharmachem Pvt. Ltd. Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.10 Thai Citric Acid Co. Ltd.
16.10.1 Company Profile
16.10.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.10.3 SWOT Analysis of Thai Citric Acid Co. Ltd.
16.10.4 Thai Citric Acid Co. Ltd. Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.11 San Fu Chemical Co. Ltd.
16.11.1 Company Profile
16.11.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.11.3 SWOT Analysis of San Fu Chemical Co. Ltd.
16.11.4 San Fu Chemical Co. Ltd. Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.12 Fuso Chemical Co. Ltd.
16.12.1 Company Profile
16.12.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.12.3 SWOT Analysis of Fuso Chemical Co. Ltd.
16.12.4 Fuso Chemical Co. Ltd. Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
16.13 COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd.
16.13.1 Company Profile
16.13.2 Main Business and Sodium Citrate Information
16.13.3 SWOT Analysis of COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd.
16.13.4 COFCO Biochemical Co. Ltd. Sodium Citrate Production Capacity, Production Volume, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2021-2026)
Please ask for sample pages for full companies list
Table Research Scope of Sodium Citrate Report
Table Data Sources of Sodium Citrate Report
Table Major Assumptions of Sodium Citrate Report
Table Sodium Citrate Classification
Table Sodium Citrate Applications List
Table Drivers of Sodium Citrate Market
Table Restraints of Sodium Citrate Market
Table Opportunities of Sodium Citrate Market
Table Threats of Sodium Citrate Market
Table Raw Materials Suppliers List
Table Different Production Methods of Sodium Citrate
Table Cost Structure Analysis of Sodium Citrate
Table Key End Users List
Table Latest News of Sodium Citrate Market
Table Merger and Acquisition List
Table Planned/Future Project of Sodium Citrate Market
Table Policy of Sodium Citrate Market
Table 2021-2031 Regional Export of Sodium Citrate
Table 2021-2031 Regional Import of Sodium Citrate
Table 2021-2031 Regional Trade Balance
Table 2021-2031 North America Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 North America Sodium Citrate Demand List by Application
Table 2021-2026 North America Sodium Citrate Key Players Sales List
Table 2021-2026 North America Sodium Citrate Key Players Market Share List
Table 2021-2031 North America Sodium Citrate Demand List by Type
Table 2021-2026 North America Sodium Citrate Price List by Type
Table 2021-2031 United States Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 United States Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Canada Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Canada Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Mexico Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Mexico Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 South America Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 South America Sodium Citrate Demand List by Application
Table 2021-2026 South America Sodium Citrate Key Players Sales List
Table 2021-2026 South America Sodium Citrate Key Players Market Share List
Table 2021-2031 South America Sodium Citrate Demand List by Type
Table 2021-2026 South America Sodium Citrate Price List by Type
Table 2021-2031 Brazil Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Brazil Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Argentina Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Argentina Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Chile Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Chile Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Peru Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Peru Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Asia & Pacific Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Asia & Pacific Sodium Citrate Demand List by Application
Table 2021-2026 Asia & Pacific Sodium Citrate Key Players Sales List
Table 2021-2026 Asia & Pacific Sodium Citrate Key Players Market Share List
Table 2021-2031 Asia & Pacific Sodium Citrate Demand List by Type
Table 2021-2026 Asia & Pacific Sodium Citrate Price List by Type
Table 2021-2031 China Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 China Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 India Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 India Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Japan Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Japan Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 South Korea Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 South Korea Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Southeast Asia Sodium Citrate Market Size List
Table 2021-2031 Southeast Asia Sodium Citrate Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Southeast Asia Sodium Citrate Import List
Table 2021-2031 Southeast Asia Sodium Citrate Export List
Table 2021-2031 Australia & New Zealand Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Australia & New ZealandSodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Europe Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Europe Sodium Citrate Demand List by Application
Table 2021-2026 Europe Sodium Citrate Key Players Sales List
Table 2021-2026 Europe Sodium Citrate Key Players Market Share List
Table 2021-2031 Europe Sodium Citrate Demand List by Type
Table 2021-2026 Europe Sodium Citrate Price List by Type
Table 2021-2031 Germany Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Germany Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 France Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 France Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 United Kingdom Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 United Kingdom Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Italy Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Italy Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Spain Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Spain Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Belgium Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Belgium Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Netherlands Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Netherlands Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Austria Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Austria Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Poland Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Poland Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 North Europe Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 North Europe Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 MEA Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 MEA Sodium Citrate Demand List by Application
Table 2021-2026 MEA Sodium Citrate Key Players Sales List
Table 2021-2026 MEA Sodium Citrate Key Players Market Share List
Table 2021-2031 MEA Sodium Citrate Demand List by Type
Table 2021-2026 MEA Sodium Citrate Price List by Type
Table 2021-2031 Egypt Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Egypt Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Israel Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Israel Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 South Africa Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 South Africa Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Gulf Cooperation Council Countries Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2031 Turkey Sodium Citrate Market Size and Market Volume List
Table 2021-2031 Turkey Sodium Citrate Import & Export List
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Market Size List by Region
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Market Size Share List by Region
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Market Volume List by Region
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Market Volume Share List by Region
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Demand List by Application
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Demand Market Share List by Application
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Capacity List
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Key Vendors Capacity Share List
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Key Vendors Production List
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Key Vendors Production Share List
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Key Vendors Production Value List
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Key Vendors Production Value Share List
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Demand List by Type
Table 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Demand Market Share List by Type
Table 2021-2026 Regional Sodium Citrate Price List
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Market Size List by Region
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Market Size Share List by Region
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Market Volume List by Region
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Market Volume Share List by Region
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Demand List by Application
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Demand Market Share List by Application
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Capacity List
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Key Vendors Capacity Share List
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Key Vendors Production List
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Key Vendors Production Share List
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Key Vendors Production Value List
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Key Vendors Production Value Share List
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Demand List by Type
Table 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Demand Market Share List by Type
Table 2026-2031 Sodium Citrate Regional Price List
Figure Market Size Estimated Method
Figure Major Forecasting Factors
Figure Sodium Citrate Picture
Figure 2021-2031 Regional Trade Balance
Figure 2021-2031 North America Sodium Citrate Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2021-2031 North America Sodium Citrate Market Volume and CAGR
Figure 2021-2031 South America Sodium Citrate Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2021-2031 South America Sodium Citrate Market Volume and CAGR
Figure 2021-2031 Asia & Pacific Sodium Citrate Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2021-2031 Asia & Pacific Sodium Citrate Market Volume and CAGR
Figure 2021-2031 Europe Sodium Citrate Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2021-2031 Europe Sodium Citrate Market Volume and CAGR
Figure 2021-2031 MEA Sodium Citrate Market Size and CAGR
Figure 2021-2031 MEA Sodium Citrate Market Volume and CAGR
Figure 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2021-2026 Global Sodium Citrate Production Value and Growth Rate
Figure 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Capacity Production and Growth Rate
Figure 2026-2031 Global Sodium Citrate Production Value and Growth Rate
Research Methodology
- Market Estimated Methodology:
Bottom-up & top-down approach, supply & demand approach are the most important method which is used by HDIN Research to estimate the market size.

1)Top-down & Bottom-up Approach
Top-down approach uses a general market size figure and determines the percentage that the objective market represents.

Bottom-up approach size the objective market by collecting the sub-segment information.

2)Supply & Demand Approach
Supply approach is based on assessments of the size of each competitor supplying the objective market.
Demand approach combine end-user data within a market to estimate the objective market size. It is sometimes referred to as bottom-up approach.

- Forecasting Methodology
- Numerous factors impacting the market trend are considered for forecast model:
- New technology and application in the future;
- New project planned/under contraction;
- Global and regional underlying economic growth;
- Threatens of substitute products;
- Industry expert opinion;
- Policy and Society implication.
- Analysis Tools
1)PEST Analysis
PEST Analysis is a simple and widely used tool that helps our client analyze the Political, Economic, Socio-Cultural, and Technological changes in their business environment.

- Benefits of a PEST analysis:
- It helps you to spot business opportunities, and it gives you advanced warning of significant threats.
- It reveals the direction of change within your business environment. This helps you shape what you’re doing, so that you work with change, rather than against it.
- It helps you avoid starting projects that are likely to fail, for reasons beyond your control.
- It can help you break free of unconscious assumptions when you enter a new country, region, or market; because it helps you develop an objective view of this new environment.
2)Porter’s Five Force Model Analysis
The Porter’s Five Force Model is a tool that can be used to analyze the opportunities and overall competitive advantage. The five forces that can assist in determining the competitive intensity and potential attractiveness within a specific area.
- Threat of New Entrants: Profitable industries that yield high returns will attract new firms.
- Threat of Substitutes: A substitute product uses a different technology to try to solve the same economic need.
- Bargaining Power of Customers: the ability of customers to put the firm under pressure, which also affects the customer's sensitivity to price changes.
- Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services (such as expertise) to the firm can be a source of power over the firm when there are few substitutes.
- Competitive Rivalry: For most industries the intensity of competitive rivalry is the major determinant of the competitiveness of the industry.

3)Value Chain Analysis
Value chain analysis is a tool to identify activities, within and around the firm and relating these activities to an assessment of competitive strength. Value chain can be analyzed by primary activities and supportive activities. Primary activities include: inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing & sales, service. Support activities include: technology development, human resource management, management, finance, legal, planning.

4)SWOT Analysis
SWOT analysis is a tool used to evaluate a company's competitive position by identifying its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The strengths and weakness is the inner factor; the opportunities and threats are the external factor. By analyzing the inner and external factors, the analysis can provide the detail information of the position of a player and the characteristics of the industry.

- Strengths describe what the player excels at and separates it from the competition
- Weaknesses stop the player from performing at its optimum level.
- Opportunities refer to favorable external factors that the player can use to give it a competitive advantage.
- Threats refer to factors that have the potential to harm the player.
- Data Sources
| Primary Sources | Secondary Sources |
|---|---|
| Face to face/Phone Interviews with market participants, such as: Manufactures; Distributors; End-users; Experts. Online Survey |
Government/International Organization Data: Annual Report/Presentation/Fact Book Internet Source Information Industry Association Data Free/Purchased Database Market Research Report Book/Journal/News |